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Reviewing the decade that followed World War n, Cartwright speaks of the "excitement and optimism" of American social psychologists, and notes "the tremendous increase in the total number of people calling themselves social psychologists." Most of these, we may add, showing little awareness of the history of their field. Practical【M1】______ and humanitarian motives have always played an important part with【M2】______ the development of social psychology, not in America but in other【M3】______ lands as well. Yet there have been discordant voices. In the opinion of Herbert Spencer in England, and William Graham Sumner in the【M4】______ United States, it is both futile and dangerous for man to attempt to steer or to speed social change. Social evolution, they argue, requires for【M5】______ time and obeys laws beyond the control of the man. The only practical【M6】______ service of social science is to warn man not to interfere with the course of nature(or society). But these authors are in minority. Most social【M7】______ psychologists share with Comte an optimistic view of mans chances to better his way of lives. Has he not already improved his health via【M8】______ biological sciences？ Why should he not better his social relationships via social sciences？ For the past century this optimistic outlook has persisted at the face of slender accomplishment to date. Human【M9】______ relations seem stubbornly set. Wars have not been abolished, labor troubles have not abated, and racial tenses are still with us. Give us【M10】______ time and give us money for research, the optimists say.

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